IVF hormones could be delivered with painless ‘microneedle’ patch someday, early study hints

Patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) must give themselves daily hormone shots in weeks leading up to having eggs collected for the procedure. Now, a research team has developed what it calls a painless, automated way to deliver these hormones using a light-activated microneedle patch.

A preliminary study conducted in rats has shown that delivering the hormone leuprolide from a patch could be done painlessly and without releasing foreign substances into the body. A light can be preprogrammed to turn on at specific times, such that the patch releases the hormone at the correct cadence.

These results, published in the journal Small in November 2025, suggest that the patch could someday help address two of the challenges of IVF: the pain of the hormone shots and the inconvenience of self-administering the shots at the same time daily for two weeks, said lead study author Marta Cerruti, a materials chemist at McGill University in Montreal. Most patients report feeling a brief, pinching pain when administering the shots, but the pain level can vary depending on a given patient’s anxiety level with needles.

Vivienne Tam, who was a doctoral student at the time of the study, suggested the potential of their research for helping IVF patients, Cerruti said. The group had previously been thinking about using the patch for administering cancer drugs to patients, Cerruti said.

“From what we read, one of the main reasons for the failure of IVF is that the drug is not given consistently,” she told Live Science. The hope is that, someday, the patch could solve that challenge.

Designing a hormone-delivery system

In the new study, the team incorporated prior discoveries made in two separate labs at McGill and the INRS research center in Quebec.

The patch is composed of tiny needles that contain nanoparticles, which are packed with the hormone leuprolide. The researchers had already developed a potential coating for the nanoparticles that breaks down when exposed to low-energy light, called near-infrared light (NIR). Upon NIR exposure, the nanoparticles then spill their contents.

How this works is that the NIR is converted to higher-energy ultraviolet (UV) light by the nanoparticle’s core. This UV light can then break the bonds in the coating of the particle, releasing the molecules held inside. “We had this coating that we knew worked,” Cerruti said.

The team had also shown that the nanoparticles, which are made of rare-earth materials, are nontoxic in animal tests. To then make their patch, they incorporated the nanoparticles into microneedles made of a nonsoluble, synthetic polymer, which should not degrade, Cerruti said.

The needles prick microscopic holes in the outer layer of the skin, called the stratum corneum, which is made up of dead skin cells. These pricks are painless because the needles do not penetrate deep enough to reach the sensory nerve endings housed in deeper layers of the skin, Tam said.

In rats, the NIR successfully released the drug from the microneedles without releasing any foreign substances — namely, the nanoparticles themselves — into the body, Cerruti said. If the nanoparticles had entered the body along with the hormones, they would have accumulated in the liver and other organs, she said, but the team didn’t observe that in tests.

One potential challenge of this method is that skin thickness and blood flow vary among patients, said Lifeng Kang, an associate professor at The University of Sydney School of Pharmacy who was not involved in the study. Ensuring that an NIR pulse releases the light needed across different body types may be more challenging than delivering the medicine with a standard shot, he wrote in an email to Live Science.

Although NIR penetrates skin better than visible light does, its efficiency decreases with increases in fat tissue, Kang added. “Since IVF injections are traditionally subcutaneous [delivered under the skin], the researchers have to ensure the microneedles and the light source can effectively communicate at the necessary depth to trigger the release,” he explained.

The new findings show that the hormone went into the rats’ circulatory system as intended, but researchers have yet to test whether this delivery method has the desired effect of encouraging egg maturation, Cerruti said.

The biggest hurdle for any nanoparticle-based therapy is biocompatibility, Kang said, meaning the material must be compatible with living tissue and not cause toxic effects or harmful immune reactions. The researchers “must prove these nanoparticles are either safely excreted or remain inert in the skin without long-term toxicity,” he said.

Although the microneedles should not degrade in the body proving their durability could be difficult, Cerruti said, since “polymers are made of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen — the same elements we’re made of.”

Before moving on to studies in larger animals, Cerruti said, the researchers want to conduct additional rat studies to determine the efficacy of this hormone-delivery system.

In their initial experiments, the team released only a small dose of the hormone. For the dose to be equivalent to that used in IVF, they would need to use more patches on a given mouse, or include more nanoparticles in a given patch, Cerruti said. They could also increase the size of the patch, so the number of nanoparticles scales up.

One of the “biggest barriers to overcome before eventual clinical translation is the limited dose of the drug available in the bloodstream,” Cerruti said.