Bacteria and the viruses that infect them, called phages, are locked in an evolutionary arms race. But that evolution follows a different trajectory when the battle takes place in microgravity, a study conducted aboard the International Space Station (ISS) reveals.
As bacteria and phages duke it out, bacteria evolve better defenses to survive while phages evolve new ways to penetrate those defenses. The new study, published Jan. 13 in the journal PLOS Biology, details how that skirmish unfolds in space and reveals insights that could help us design better drugs for antibiotic-resistant bacteria on Earth.
The analysis of the space-station samples revealed that microgravity fundamentally altered the speed and nature of phage infection.
While the phages could still successfully infect and kill the bacteria in space, the process took longer than it did in the Earth samples. In an earlier study, the same researchers had hypothesized that infection cycles in microgravity would be slower because fluids don’t mix as well in microgravity as they do in Earth’s gravity.
“This new study validates our hypothesis and expectation,” said lead study author Srivatsan Raman, an associate professor in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
On Earth, the fluids bacteria and viruses exist within are constantly being stirred by gravity — warm water rises, cold water sinks, and heavier particles settle at the bottom. This keeps everything moving and bumping into each other.
In space, there is no stirring; everything just floats. So because the bacteria and phages weren’t bumping into each other as often, phages had to adapt to a much slower pace of life and become more efficient at grabbing onto passing bacteria.
Experts think understanding this alternative form of phage evolution could help them develop new phage therapies. These emerging treatments for infections use phages to kill bacteria or make the germs more vulnerable to traditional antibiotics.
“If we can work out what phages are doing on the genetic level in order to adapt to the microgravity environment, we can apply that knowledge to experiments with resistant bacteria,” Nicol Caplin, a former astrobiologist at the European Space Agency who was not involved in the study, told Live Science in an email. “And this can be a positive step in the race to optimise antibiotics on Earth.”
Whole-genome sequencing revealed that both the bacteria and the phages on the ISS accumulated distinctive genetic mutations not observed in the samples on Earth. The space-based viruses accumulated specific mutations that boosted their ability to infect bacteria, as well as their ability to bind to bacterial receptors. Simultaneously, the E. coli developed mutations that protected against the phages’ attacks — by tweaking their receptors, for instance — and enhanced their survival in microgravity.
Then, the researchers used a technique called deep mutational scanning to examine the changes in the viruses’ receptor-binding proteins. They found that the adaptations driven by the unique cosmic environment may have practical applications back home.
When the phages were transported back to Earth and tested, the space-adapted changes in their receptor-binding protein resulted in increased activity against E. coli strains that commonly cause urinary tract infections. These strains are typically resistant to the T7 phages.
“It was a serendipitous finding,” Raman said. “We were not expecting that the [mutant] phages that we identified on the ISS would kill pathogens on Earth.”
“These results show how space can help us improve the activity of phage therapies,” said Charlie Mo, an assistant professor in the Department of Bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison who was not involved in the study.
“However,” Mo added, “we do have to factor in the cost of sending phages into space or simulating microgravity on Earth to achieve these results.”
In addition to helping fight infections in Earthbound patients, the research could help yield more effective phage therapies for use in microgravity, Mo suggested. “This could be important for astronauts’ health on long-term space missions — for example, missions to the moon or Mars, or prolonged ISS stays.”
