For the first time ever, a cow has been documented not only using a tool but selecting which part to use when scratching at different parts of her body.
“People tend to think that anything an animal does with an object is tool use and sometimes you get sent videos of animals randomly interacting with objects, like ‘My cat is using a tool because she’s using my Amazon box as a house.’ But this particular video was different,” Auersperg told Live Science. “It showed the kind of a behavior I would expect from the stricter definitions of tool use, where you see a tool is an embodied part of the animal and it is used as a direct elongation of her body.”
After seeing the video, Auersperg and her colleague, Antonio Osuna-Mascaró, an animal cognition researcher also at the University of Veterinary Medicine, set out to meet Veronika and put her to the test. They repeatedly placed a deck brush, or broom, on the ground in front of her in a random orientation to see what she would do.
“We decided to use a broom because a broom has a functional end and a non-functional end. So our prediction was that if Veronika is really sensitive to the functional properties of the tool, she will prefer to use the broom end,” Osuna-Mascaró told Live Science.
Veronika picked up the object by the handle end and scratched herself with the broom end about 2.5 times more often than doing it the other way round, he said. But after a while, a more nuanced pattern emerged.
After 70 sessions, if Veronika was going to scratch the thick skin of her back, she generally picked up the broom in her mouth by the thin end and gave herself a good rigorous scratch with the big, abrasive brush. If she wanted to scratch a more delicate area, like her navel or udder, she would pick up the broom by the brush end and rub herself gently with the thin handle.
The study was published in Current Biology on Monday (Jan. 19).
Veronika’s behavior also indicated that she knew which body part she intended to scratch before picking up the broom, rather than just using a tool in whatever orientation she happened to pick it up, Osuna-Mascaró said.
For example, she would raise her tail in anticipation when she was going to scratch her delicate anal region and readjust her grip on the tool to ensure she could reach it, he said.
The readjustment was no easy matter. To pick up the brush, Veronika would roll out her tongue, wrap it around the tool, bring it up to her mouth and press it between her lower teeth and the hard dental pad at the top of her mouth, said Auersperg. This means the tool sits there very firmly and can’t be easily adjusted. Sometimes, Veronika would let go of the tool before scratching, then grab it again in a different place and then direct the tool at the body region that she wouldn’t have been able to reach with the previous grip.
This behavior is very different from a cow just using a scratching pad, Auersperg said. Scratching yourself against something is just an interaction between an animal and an object. To qualify as tool use, the animal has to be responsible for the orientation of the object, as Veronika is.
“I have absolutely no doubt that this is tool use,” Josep Call, a comparative psychologist at the University of St Andrews in Scotland, who wasn’t involved in the study, told Live Science. “They clearly show that the cow uses the brush, the one end or the other, depending on the area that it is scratching. That’s very nice.”
Gloria Sabbatini, an animal biologist at the National Research Council of Italy’s Unit of Cognitive Primatology and Primate Center in Rome, who wasn’t involved in the research, agrees.
“Veronika shows an egocentric form of tool use, that is the use of a tool toward herself. This kind of tool use is simpler than tool use toward an external object or surface for many reasons,” she told Live Science via email. “One is that she directly perceives the effects of tool using on herself and then she can quickly correct and modify the position of the tool.”
The findings represent the first documented case of tool use in cattle and use of a multi-purpose tool, Osuna-Mascaró said. The behavior can be partly explained by the fact that Veronika is kept as a family pet. She experiences different meadows and stables in the winter, and many objects fall into the meadow for her to interact with.
“Veronika was lucky to have the possibility to experience a day-a-day reality more complex and stimulating than the one usually offered to cows. Through the daily interaction between mind, body and environment, animals develop and improve their abilities and skills,” Sabbatini said.
However, it doesn’t mean this is a one-off. Osuna-Mascaró has also identified videos on social media of a Brahman bull (Bos indicus) using a stick to scratch an itch.
Given that the two species diverged more than 500,000 years ago and have been separately domesticated since, Osuna-Mascaró suggested that Veronica is showing a latent capability for innovation that could have been in cattle for thousands of years.
“We do not mean that ancient oxen were tool users, but that these animals have the capacity to innovate spontaneous solutions to complex problems,” Auersperg said. “When they are little, cows play with objects, they love playing with balls, with ropes and also with sticks. So, if they have a rich environment, perhaps they will show these innovations more often.”
