Q4 2024 Riot Platforms Inc Earnings Call

Jason Les

Thank you, Phil, and good afternoon, everyone. Before we dive into Riot’s 2024 results, I would like to reflect on the industry as a whole. When Riot began mining Bitcoin in 2017, the entire network cash rate was just 3 exahash. By 2024, Riot alone grew our self finding hash rate by 19.1 exahash to a total of 31.5 exahash, while the global network reached an all-time high of over 750 exahash.
In January of 2024, the approval of the Bitcoin ETF brought further institutional adoption, resulting in the most successful launch of ETFs ever as measured by AUM. By July of 2024, bitcoin has become a key topic during the presidential election. And post-election, Bitcoin hit new all-time highs of 75,000 and then 100,000.
Why it has been mining bitcoin since 2017 with conviction in this long-term value proposition? In January 2024, Riot stopped selling Bitcoin produced through our mining activities in order to retain more Bitcoin. Additionally, we purchased Bitcoin for the first time in December 2024, following our inaugural successful convertible debt offering ultimately adding over 10,000 Bitcoin to our balance sheet over the course of the year, ending 2024 with 17,722 Bitcoin worth $1.7 billion, based on the Bitcoin price of 93,354 as of December 31, 2024.
Our efforts to maximize the value of our unique power assets does not mean we have changed our long-term view on Bitcoin. Riot currently maintains approximately 4% of the global network and we will continue to pursue a compounding increase in the value of Bitcoin held per share as a key operating metric while seeking to maximize the value of all of our assets for our shareholders. In 2024, AI/HPC demand for access to power resulted in Bitcoin mining power assets being converted into AI/HPC use. This has continued into 2025, increasing the value of large-scale sites with secured access to power near major metropolitan areas, sites such as our Corsicana and Rockdale facilities.
There is a unique, timely opportunity for Riot shareholders to benefit from the value of our assets and to maximize shareholder value. And I am excited to share further updates on our aggressive pursuit of this opportunity.
I would like to start by reviewing Riot’s key accomplishments during 2024. We successfully energized the Corsicana facility. Following approximately 24 months of development, Riot successfully energized the 400-megawatt substation, developed 4 buildings and deployed immersion systems and miners, ending the year with approximately 14 exahash of self-mining hash rate at the Corsicana facility alone.
Our Bitcoin yield strategy. In January of 2024, with ETF approvals imminent and the 2024 having approaching, Riot’s decision to retain all mine Bitcoin and focus on increasing Bitcoin per share, i.e., Bitcoin yield, has resulted in a nearly 40% Bitcoin yield in 2024 and more than $100 million in incremental asset value appreciation in 2024 alone.
Our convertible senior notes offering. In line with Riot’s Bitcoin yield strategy and target to continue to increase Bitcoin held per share, Riot was able to take advantage of favorable market conditions and issue our inaugural convertible senior notes offering. This issuance lowered our cost of capital, expanded our institutional investor base and proceeds were utilized to acquire Bitcoin and further enhance Bitcoin yield.
The Block mining acquisition. This is Riot’s first acquisition in more than 2 years, and our first business expansion outside of Texas into an attractive new jurisdiction, offering 60 megawatts of current mining operations and expansion opportunities to 305 megawatts and beyond. And finally, the E4A acquisition, our most recent acquisition, which supplements our engineering business while also enhancing our core operating capabilities.
For 2025, we expect to grow our Bitcoin mining hash rate by approximately 22%, while aggressively pursuing AI/HPC opportunities to maximize the value of our unique assets. We believe that this approach will bring the most value to our shareholders while allowing us to remain flexible as market opportunities continue to present themselves. With a strong balance sheet, a solid operating team and a management team focused on value creation, I am truly excited at the path we have ahead of ourselves.
With that, I would like to now turn the call over to Colin Yee, CFO of Riot Platforms.

Colin Yee

Thank you, Jason. I’m excited to present Riot’s financial results for the fourth quarter and fiscal year ending 2024. For user reference, we have highlighted key metrics on slide 6, which presents a snapshot of key financial and operating metrics for the full year 2024. However, let’s just jump into the details on the following slides.
During 2024, Riot increased its self-mining hash rate from 12.4 exahash to 31.5 exahash, representing a 154% increase over the course of the year and outpacing the increase in the global hash rate, which rose by 67% in 2024. Furthermore, in 2024, Riot produced 4,828 Bitcoin, 27% lower than the Bitcoin produced in 2023, primarily as a result of the 2024 having event in April. However, in spite of this April’s having, right ended the year producing approximately 16.6 Bitcoin per day as compared to 16.8 Bitcoin per day at the start of the year.
In January of this past year, Riot stopped selling Bitcoin produced in order to increase our Bitcoin holdings ahead of the having. In conjunction with this December’s convertible notes offering, proceeds from which were used to acquire Bitcoin in the spot market, we have increased the bitcoin Holdings per million fully diluted shares from 31.8 to 44.3, representing an increasing Bitcoin yield of 39% for the year. Going forward, we will continue to focus on increasing Bitcoin yield in order to ensure that our shareholders are able to participate in the long-term value creation opportunity that we believe Bitcoin represents.
Riot ended 2024 holding 17,722 Bitcoin, an increase of 141% relative to the 7,362 Bitcoin that we held at the end of Q3, and Riot continues to retain 100% of all self-mine Bitcoin.
For the full year 2024, Riot reported total revenue of $376.7 million as compared to $280.7 million for 2023, a 34% increase year-over-year. This increase was primarily driven by higher Bitcoin prices. Gross profit for the full year 2024 was $147.6 million as compared to gross profit of $97.6 million for the full year 2023. Non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA for the full year 2024 was $463.2 million as compared to non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA of $214 million for the full year 2023. Riot adapted FASB’s final standard on crypto assets issued in December 2023, under which Riot now recognizes its Bitcoin held at fair value, and with it, changes in fair value are now recognized in income.
As a reference, the Bitcoin price at the end of 2023 was $42,265 and the price at the end of 2024 was $93,354. This resulted in a mark-to-market upward adjustment of $458.7 million for [2023]. Net income for the full year 2024 was $109.4 million or $0.40 per share, compared to a net loss of $49.5 million or $0.28 per share for the full year 2023.
Full year 2024 net income includes non-based compensation expense of $125.2 million unrealized loss on marketable equity securities of $69.7 million and depreciation and amortization of $212 million. As a reminder, beginning in the first quarter of 2024, we adjusted our depreciation schedule for mining hardware from a 2-year to a 3-year schedule based on our evaluation of our own operational history.
For the full year 2024, Bitcoin Mining revenue totaled $321 million, a 70% increase relative to the full year 2023 Bitcoin Mining revenue of $189 million. Bitcoin Mining cost of revenue primarily consists of direct production costs of Bitcoin Mining operations, including electricity, labor, insurance and other expenses, but excluding depreciation and amortization. Bitcoin Mining gross profit for the quarter was $165.5 million, representing a margin of 52% as compared to $163.6 million or a margin of 87% for the full year 2023.
Cost to mine, excluding depreciation in the fourth quarter totaled $42,011 per Bitcoin, of which Power Plus amounted to $33,281 per Bitcoin or 79% of total cost per Bitcoin. Quarter-over-quarter, power costs increased from $0.031 a kilowatt hour to $0.038 a kilowatt hour as a greater proportion of our power was procured at the Corsicana facility at spot market rates which at the times purchased were, on average, elevated relative to the fixed rate under PPAs at the Rockdale facility with proportionately fewer offsetting power credits than in the previous quarter.
For the full year 2024, we achieved an all-in cost of power of $0.034 a kilowatt hour, which remains one of the lowest in the industry. Direct non-power costs which include direct labor, minor insurance, minor and minor related equipment repairs, land lease and related property taxes, network costs and other utility expenses totaled $8,730 or 21% per bit down from the third quarter of 2024 when direct nonpower costs accounted for 25% of total costs.
This drop is a result of com continuing to achieve economies of scale at our operating facilities. As Riot continues to grow hash rate, we expect to see non-power direct costs as a percentage of the total cost per Bitcoin to trend lower.
I’d now like to turn the call over to Jason Chung, Riot’s EVP and Head of Corporate Development and Strategy to discuss our most recent acquisition.

Jason Chung

Thanks, Colin. I’m excited to share information on Riot’s latest acquisition. This past December, we closed the acquisition of E4A Solutions for $52 million in cash consideration at closing. E4A solutions based in Houston, Texas, is a leading provider of consulting, commissioning and procurement services designed to support electrical project needs for substations, from low voltage to high voltage. E4A employs approximately 50 employees and services power plants, transformers, substation equipment and switch gears for a blue-chip roster of clients, which include FirstEnergy, Hitachi, Hyundai and Toshiba, among many others.
In 2024, E4A generated $28.2 million in revenue, a 31% increase over 2023 revenue of $21.5 million and $4.6 million in EBITDA representing margins north of 16%.
The acquisition of E4A Solutions offers a number of strategic benefits for Riot and significantly bolsters our engineering business. More specifically, our engineering business, ESS Metron, will now have the ability to add higher-margin recurring services revenues to customers. E4A’s services expertise in maintenance, servicing, training and repair can now be offered on equipment manufactured by ESS Metron, while the countercyclical profile of the services business relative to ESS Metron’s business, is also expected to reduce overall revenue volatility in our engineering business going forward.
With this acquisition, Riot has now brought in-house expertise in developing, maintaining and servicing medium- and high-voltage stations, which will further derisk infrastructure development and save costs while also improving our ability to perform on-site maintenance on switch years. And most importantly, leading to further improvements in operating uptime for our Bitcoin Mining business.
In 2024, Riot’s engineering business generated $38.5 million in revenue, down from $64.3 million in 2023. This reduction in top line revenue was largely driven by one large manufacturing contract for a governmental entity, which took longer to the to complete due to supply chain constraints during the year, which resulted in decreased receipts of materials and delayed recognition of revenue.
The custom electrical products manufactured by Riot’s engineering business, such as switchgear and power distribution centers are particularly important components in data center development and in power generation and distribution facilities. And there has been a significant increase in demand for these products due to the continued increase in AI/HPC data center development and the continually increasing demand for power.
With our now expanded engineering business products and services capabilities, Riot is well positioned to capitalize on this growing demand. And alongside the recent acquisition of E4A Solutions, has a clear path towards reaching $100 million in revenue in 2025, while also increase meaningfully.
With that, I’d now like to turn the call back over to Jason Les.

Jason Les

Thank you, Jason. Now I’d like to turn the presentation towards Riot’s treasury strategy. Riot continues to hold all of its self-mine Bitcoin. In 2024, holding all of our Bitcoin versus selling at the time it was mined, resulted in an increase of $120 million in value. Our bullish belief in Bitcoin has not wavered and we believe that holding bitcoin increasing Bitcoin yield will result in greater shareholder value over time. This slide demonstrates the delta we achieved on holding Bitcoin production over the year versus selling it at various end of year Bitcoin prices.
One of the tenets of Riot strategy has been to maintain a strong balance sheet, underpinned by our growing Bitcoin balance since 2018. This has allowed Rio to act opportunistically and grow our portfolio of assets, which in turn has created the new opportunity set that we are executing on today. While Riot has always been conservative with regards to long-term debt, the increased value of our Bitcoin and the attractive terms in the convertible debt market led to our inaugural debt issuance in December 2024. We view this as a method to utilize our strong balance sheet to acquire more Bitcoin at an attractive cost of capital. Our internal policy is to not take on additional debt such that doing so would exceed a 40% debt to Bitcoin value ratio.
We feel this limit on leverage is prudent and allows us to create additional value for our shareholders. Further, as we continue to increase our Bitcoin balance every month by retaining production from our mining operations, we are organically deleveraging over time.
For 2025, Riot anticipates capital expenditures totaling $198 million. While we have halted the Bitcoin mining expansion at Corsicana, existing expenses, primarily consisting of the 600-megawatt substation development continue. Additionally, we continue developing the various facilities that comprise our Kentucky operations, including $23 million on infrastructure expense and $110 million on miners. However, it’s important to note that $35 million of that is for deposits for hash rate coming online in the first half of 2026.
As a result of these investments and our efforts on the ground, we expect to end 2025 with 38.4 exacash in deployed hash rate, a 22% increase over the 31.5 exahash we ended the year 2024 with. We expect this to approximately match the pace of global network cash rate growth this year, maintaining our approximate 4% share of the overall network.
In 2024, the rapid growth of AI applications and the resulting increase in demand for large-scale access to power needed for large language models and inference compute became a dominant market theme. We have long viewed our Bitcoin Mining business as being at the forefront of the convergence of energy and sound money.
With the emergence of AI/HPC, we now find ourselves at the center of the convergence of energy and high-performance compute. As such, Riot’s uniquely positioned portfolio of high-quality energy assets can now be viewed through a wider lens.
The core of Riot’s strategy has been to take a vertically integrated approach to securing, developing and operating energy infrastructure for Bitcoin Mining. This focus has led to Riot owning and operating 2 premier power assets, which now form the basis for the expanded opportunity set uniquely available today to explore all opportunities available to us to maximize the value of energy assets across our portfolio.
The market has already taken notice of the value of AI/HPC contracts and has rewarded those companies, which have made this pivot with elevated valuation multiples. The chart on Page 21 demonstrates both the valuation multiple expansion some of our public peers have experienced as they have pivoted parts of the power assets to also include AI/HPC, as well as the lagging valuation multiples seen by the remaining Bitcoin mining pure-play players.
While revenues from Bitcoin mining can exhibit volatility in the near term, AI/HPC contracts offer long-term predictable cash flows with credible counterparties, which can reduce the overall volatility in our financial performance and to which the market assigns higher valuation multiples.
One of the most active themes we see in the market today relates to the significant need for power based by the major hyperscalers in their arms race to deploy more high-performance compute capacity and the associated capital expenditure plans they committed to in order to achieve their goals. Microsoft, Meta and Alphabet alone have collectively committed to more than $200 billion in spending plans this year, with the rest of the industry closely following suit.
In order to meet their aggressive growth targets, hyperscalers face immediate need for large-scale access to power, with industry forecasts calling for nearly 30 gigawatts of additional power demand over the next 5 years. As I will hit into, Riot has a clear and unique opportunity to capitalize on this tremendous demand in balance.
As hyperscalers continue to search for large-scale access to power, they particularly prioritize 3 key attributes: One, proximity to major markets; two, speed to market to deploy compute quickly; and three, large-scale access to power in the hundreds of megawatts. Riot’s primary assets in Rockdale and Corsicana are particularly well suited to satisfy each of these key requirements, which I will get into shortly.
We believe the Corsicana facility offers the most compelling opportunity available today for a hyperscaler to get immediate access to large-scale power, all in close proximity to Dallas, one of the most sought after data center markets in the country.
This gives hyperscalers access to existing connectivity hub and lower latency. Most importantly, Corsicana has 400 megawatts of power that can be utilized to today, and we’re actively developing an additional 600-megawatt substation to be ready in early 2026. Combined, this is one gigawatt of power that can be available for a hyperscaler to deploy almost immediately, which when combined with this location, we believe makes Corsicana an extremely rare offering.
In addition, we own the lane at Corsicana. We have access to water with that access growing further and multiple redundant sources of fiber available today. These are the key criteria hyperscalers are first looking at when evaluating sites. And we think Corsicana is extremely well suited.
For many of the same reasons, Corsicana is uniquely well positioned to attract hyperscalers. We believe that Rockdale represents an exciting opportunity as well. At Rockdale, we have a 700-megawatt substation already developed and capacity that can be made immediately available. The current Rockdale site stands more than 200 acres, most of which is cleared open land, which a hyperscaler could begin immediate development on in order to take advantage of this large-scale access to power.
Similar to Corsicana, Rockdale is located just 45 miles from Austin, which also represents a major data center market, which hyperscalers are seeking proximity to. We also believe the relatively short distance between the Rockdale and Corsicana facilities at about 100 miles creates another compelling opportunity for 1 hyperscaler to deploy up to 1.7 gigawatts of power across the 2 sites that are not only in close proximity to each other, but to 2 major data center markets.
Late last year, Riot began to receive inbound inquiries from hyperscalers interested in exploring opportunities related to our power assets. And as these discussions progressed, it became clear to us that there was a significant opportunity at hand.
As a result, and since then, we have taken a number of steps to capitalize on this tremendous opportunity presented to us. First, this past January, we engaged — a leading telecommunication strategy consultancy to help us conduct a study to evaluate the feasibility of utilizing our Corsicana site for uses. This study has now been underway for a number of weeks and is expected to conclude next month.
Second, earlier this month, we made meaningful changes to our Board of Directors with the addition of 3 new independent directors and the expansion of our Board to include 6 directors in total. The new independent directors who have joined our Board come with a unique set of skills, including significant data center development expertise, deep real asset development, capital allocation experience and broad corporate governance experience. Our newly constituted Board will continue to oversee and advise the management team on this and other key initiatives at Riot.
Third, we have engaged Evercore and Northland as our financial adviser to advise us on engaging with potential AI/HPC partners in a value-maximizing approach. Both firms have significant experience and strong relationships with hyperscalers, data center developers and financing partners and in advising companies like Riot.
Fourth, although we previously announced the halt to the Phase II expansion of Bitcoin mining at our Corsicana facility, it is important to highlight that we continue to develop the additional 600-megawatt substation on site, to ensure that we enhance the attractiveness of the site to hyperscalers and data center operators. We are taking concrete steps to ensure that we are maximizing the value of the opportunity available to us today, and we’ll provide further updates on our progress as they occur.
As a result of the foundation we have built over the previous years, we believe that 2025 will be an exciting and rewarding year for Riot’s shareholders. We are dedicating a tremendous amount of resources towards executing on AI/HPC opportunities. We also continue to remain focused on increasing Bitcoin yield, driven by our Bitcoin Mining operations and prudent capital strategy.
Underpinning our mining operations is our industry-leading low cost of power, which Riot continues to demonstrate exceptional results over a now multiyear track record. For the past few quarters, we have talked about our focus on operational efficiency, and the results of these efforts have taken shape over the past few months as demonstrated in our monthly production results. Operational excellence continues to be one of our priorities, and our teams are hard at work to drive top-tier results.
In closing, myself and the rest of the Riot team could not be more excited about the direction the company is heading. We have the assets, the capital and the right team to execute on significant growth of shareholder value.
Thank you all for listening to our presentation. We would now like to open the call to questions. Operator?

Operator

(Operator Instructions) Greg Lewis, BTIG.

Greg Lewis

Jason, thank you for the presentation, definitely a little more sightful than in previous quarters. I guess my first question is around the HPC opportunity. And I know we’ve been talking about this on and off for a while now. But as you look at the landscape, I think from going back to last year, there was always this expectation of a requirement of prompt power where there was a window. As you’ve engaged and had increasing conversations with more hyperscalers, are you seeing that window potentially widening, i.e., it’s great to power in 2025, but having power in further out years, it is almost just as valuable.

Jason Les

Yes, Greg, I think the power is extremely valuable in 2025, but any power available, including the ’26 and ’27 is extremely valuable as well. As Colin in his presentation, you’re looking at about 30 gigawatts of AI/HPC demand — that is AI/HPC demand alone over the next 5 years. Transmission, new interconnects take 4, 5 years to get approved, long-lead substation items, those are taking 4 to 5 years to get shipped now, and transmission cannot keep up with the growth.
So capacity in 2025 come in a real premium, which is why we think our assets are so valuable, both with hundreds of megawatts available today and continuing to grow real looking for a solution to, and Riot is very well positioned to be that solution for hyperscalers.

Greg Lewis

Okay. Great. And then the other question is, obviously, we’re engaging with hyperscalers in signing up or potentially signing up HPC transactions. What — is there kind of a dual process, i.e., as Riot’s kind of talking with EPCs and in some of the companies or suppliers that would help build these facilities? Or is it kind of let’s get the hyperscaler in first and then figure out kind of let them lead the build-out of the conversion or the build-out of the greenfield site.

Jason Les

Greg, I’d say we have multiple tracks going on at once. There’s a number of ways that these opportunities can materialize. And we’re keeping our options wide open in order to make sure we get the value maximizing approach. We received interest from hyperscalers and large AI companies. These discussions have been ongoing with our new financial partners. We’re now reaching up to additional infrastructure partners and financing partners as well.
So a lot of going on in the mix. And what we’re going to end up to is the path that maximizes value after surveying kind of the whole market here. But as I highlighted, in parallel, we’re continuing to build up the capacity at this site, pursuing on what would be the first stage of the development anyway. So I would say multiple tracks being run down at once.

Operator

Nick Giles, B. Riley Securities.

Nick Giles

My first question is, as hyperscalers race for readily available capacity at scale, there’s a clear desire to build large-scale campuses, and this does require significant amounts of land. So I was curious to what extent Corsicana could accommodate additional capacity beyond the targeted 1 gigawatt? Or based on your earlier comments, could Rockdale be better positioned from this perspective?

Jason Les

So we think the Corsicana is an amazing site because it has the 1 gigawatt interconnect approved, it has the power capacity available today, it’s expanding. We have dual sources of fiber, water, close to major data center market. We’re really excited about what Corsicana can mean in these discussions. So when you think about land for AI/HPC developments, there’s kind of a spectrum of which these things can take, and that impacts design decisions.
The more lands you have, generally, the cheaper it is to build, the easier it is from a layout and in perspective. The less than you have, the more next-generation kind of rack and cooling technologies that you end up using that can kind of be more expensive. But nonetheless, we have — you noted we have a lot of land at Rockdale. We have a good amount of land at Corsicana, and we are expanding land portfolio at Corsicana right now as well.
And the final point I’ll make is, oftentimes when hyperscalers are talking about campuses, they don’t always generally mean they are directly adjacent to each other. Sometimes they are many — sometimes up to 100 miles apart. So we are increasing our land portfolio in order to increase the optionality of what we can do here in this endeavor.

Nick Giles

Jason, that’s super helpful. I appreciate those comments. My next question was, we’ve seen economics vary to some degree in the deals that have been announced. So what’s your main priority as you think about terms of any potential HPC deal? Is it margins, capital contribution, duration, size or kind of all of the above?

Jason Les

Well, Nick, I’d say a key part to getting a project of this scale done, the hundreds of megawatts — gigawatts that we’re talking about, financing is a key thing. So to be successful at financing, you really need a blue chip counterparty, someone who’s very well capitalized, that we would be able to securitize the cash flows on in the best possible terms. And further, we’re talking about hundreds of megawatts, that’s really only attracting the largest player in the space.
So in addition to driving the financing terms, the type of counterparties that we would enter into is really going to have a big impact in driving valuations. So you can see one of the key points I’m hammering on that we think about is the type of counterparty is necessary in order to maximize shareholder value here. As far as some of the other terms, there’s a whole mix of how all of these things can be played together. I think it’s kind of too early to say which one may be more or less important to another.
At the end of the day, what’s important to note is Corsicana and Rockdale, but specifically Corsicana, is ideally well positioned. We think this is a premier asset that commands a premium for its quality and its timing to getting power online, and that’s something obviously that hyperscalers are prioritizing. And that — these attributes will ultimately lead to better deal terms that reflect the value of those assets.

Operator

Darren Aftahi, ROTH.

Darren Aftahi

First, I may, Jason, on your comments about Corsicana, you talked about procuring additional land. Any kind of indulgence on how large of an additional plot that would be? And is that something that the counterparties you’re potentially talking to have kind of asked for?

Jason Les

We have spoken to counterparties to some, it matters to some, it doesn’t, no, I touched on earlier. It ultimately depends on the type of buildup that you’re looking to do. The technology with data center development is becoming very efficient with density onto 100, 200-kilowatt racks now, direct chip liquid cooling, all of these components, all of these technologies are improving density.
So it kind of depends different types of customers have different means to this land. Nonetheless, our focus is on increasing, maximizing the optionality that we have. So I don’t have a specific number for you, but I can tell you we’re procuring the hundreds of acres in order to — like I said, make sure we can accommodate a wide of the market as possible.

Darren Aftahi

Great. And then one more, if I may. Just in the deck, you kind of advertising Corsicana, advertising Rockdale and then you potentially talking about maybe doing a fiber loop and the advertising whole campus. So I guess as it stands today, Rockdale has always been a Bitcoin mining facility. Is there a scenario analysis economically where you would look to switch and completely make that an HPC campus?

Jason Les

Yes. If the opportunity was there to — if there was interest in that site and the economics made sense to take over the capacity that we have there, we would certainly be interested in that. I think when you think about 30 gigawatts of demand, 1 gigawatt at Corsicana and then 700 megawatts of Rockdale represents a really meaningful portion of something that could fill that demand. 1.7 gigawatts would be about 5% if someone had both of those sites 5% of hyperscaler AI demand over the next 5 years. I think that would give those players a real strategic advantage. So if there is that interest and the economics are there to convert the site, we will certainly be looking and evaluating that closely.

Operator

Brett Knoblauch, Cantor Fitzgerald.

Brett Knoblauch

Maybe my first question, similar to the last, is all of Corsicana on the table if a hyperscaler one is the full gigawatt there?

Jason Les

Well, so we have the 600 megawatts that’s being unutilized has been developed right now. That would be least-friction way to accomplish a deal, Brett. But if there was someone that was interested in the full when you go out, taking over the entire site as it is and have the economics to make that accretive to Riot shareholders. Yes, we would definitely look at that.
And it’s always possible that presents itself because that’s a lot of power coming online 400 megawatts now and then the remaining 600 megawatts 12 months from now or approximately 12 months from now. So we’re assessing demand, and we are going to maximize the value of these assets.

Brett Knoblauch

Understood. And then maybe just on the power agreement in place at these sites. Do they need to be authored to support AI/HPC? And maybe in particular, with Rockdale, there’s like your participation in a lot of the demand response and curtailment programs? Does that need to switch from maybe a flex load to firm load?

Jason Les

No, they do not need to be altered. Our power supply agreements do not require any participation in demand response. Everything we do there is voluntary, as part of our power strategy, that works with Bitcoin mining because it’s an interruptible load. Obviously, that doesn’t work with AI/HPC. So we do that with Bitcoin mining voluntarily to drive the best economics. But not a requirement as a part of our supply agreements.

Operator

Reggie Smith, JPM.

Reggie Smith

Congrats on the quarter and the year. Had a question. I was looking at your OpEx trends, and I don’t want to rain on your parade or anything like that, but notice — we look at SG&A minus stock comp, and we’ve seen that number grow sequentially each quarter. Sounds like you’ve done some acquisitions. There may be some deal costs in there. But what’s riding that? How are you benchmarking OpEx growth and things of that nature? And I was curious if you had an employee count because I was trying to calculate to comp per employee. And then I got a follow-up.

Jason Les

Okay. So working backwards, Reggie. I don’t have an exact employee count for you. It will be in the 10-K, which should be filed very shortly here.
As far as G&A goes, so our G&A has been elevated, both in ’23 and ’24 — sorry, Q3 and Q4 2024 due to onetime M&A and legal litigation expenses. They are not recurring expenses for running our business and not a part of running — a Bitcoin Mining operation or HPC operation. So that was pretty meaningful in especially Q4, we had approximately $22 million in one-off costs.
Like I said, mainly litigation expense, we had some stock-based advisory services that was closing out of the 3-year engagement. We had some M&A expenses as well. So obviously, we would like our litigation tied up in a timely manner. So we’re not incurring these expenses anymore, and we can get cash SG&A down.
And I have an employee account for you, thanks to help in the room here, 783 full-time employees.

Reggie Smith

Got it. Okay. That makes sense. All right. So it sounds like there is some one-timers. Is it possible to handicap like where you would like that to be kind of on a on a run rate, a go-forward basis like shipping out all the noise. What do you think you could run your Corsicana facility in your Rockdale and everything you get going on a basis?

Jason Les

So first, to note how the expenses are allocated, there is a split between direct operating costs, those are in cost of goods in addition to power, although power is a big expense. And then we have some other kind of more corporate operating expenses, facility-wide expenses that fall under SG&A. But to directly get to your question, we think our 2024 cash run rate quarter is going to be in line to modestly above what our previous Q4 2024 run rate guidance was, which is approximately $30 million to $33 million.
It’s very difficult to anticipate what location or onetime maybe M&A items might be or advisory fees that may pop up. But on a run rate basis, that’s what we are looking at per quarter, $30 million to $33 million cash. And we’re focused on optimizing that, especially relative to our overall hashtag portfolio.

Reggie Smith

No, that makes Okay. Great. And then if I could get one more in. I was curious, the consultants that you’ve spoken with have given you any guidance on like how long it may take to finalize the deal. Just kind of thinking through like how quickly something could get done or a long might a drag on?
And it sounds like — and maybe I’m reading too much into this, that if something isn’t done by late ’25 that you would then consider going back to kind of bitcoin mining — expanding your Bitcoin mining operation. Because it sounds like you’ve given you feel comfortable with where your hash rate will be relative to the network hash rate. Am I thinking about that right?

Jason Les

Well, I don’t think we’re thinking of — if we need to get if there wasn’t the capacity fully spoken for by the end of this year, we would resume Bitcoin Mining. I think based on the demand and the quality of assets that we have, we’re pretty optimistic of about getting something done.
How long that takes is probably unpredictable or soup to nuts to completion, but there are going to be steps along this way. Depending on the ultimate deal structure that comes through, multiple steps could include singing a lease, having a development partner, for example, secure and financing, for example, and those could occur in a number of orders.
So we’re really aggressively pursuing this. We want to communicate updates as they occur. But we aren’t thinking about this as a — we need to get this done by ex-date to go back to Bitcoin Mining. We think these assets are really exciting for AI/HPC data center development, and we want to get something meaningful done there.

Reggie Smith

Got it. Great. And I guess, again, I just want to congratulate you guys. I know we had talked in previous quarters about improving uptime and operations. You guys have done a good job of that. So I wanted to acknowledge that. So a great job on that, and I look forward for more updates on the HPC stat.

Jason Les

Thank you, Reggie. Appreciate that. All the credit goes to the guys in the field, guys and gals in the field working hard to approve operations every day.

Operator

Mike Grondahl, Northland.

Mike Grondahl

Two questions. The first one, can you provide a little bit more color. I guess my specific question is on the 400 megawatts at Corsicana and the 700 at Rockdale. Have you gotten specific interest for that power yet? Or would you say it all kind of so far relates to the 600 megawatts at Corsicana. And then secondly, any operational goals for ’25 on the mining side?

Jason Les

So starting backwards with your question there, Mike. Operational goals in the Bitcoin Mining side. We’re looking to increase our hash rate by approximately 22% this year. That’s really driven by expansion at our Kentucky facilities. We’re focused on operational excellence. We want to continue, execute on our power strategy and improving uptime as the month goes on.
So we have a good amount of work ahead of us to improve that business line as well. And I think we’re making all the right moves to show better results there, and hit those growth targets in Bitcoin Mining ending the year with 38.4 exahash.
As far as the interest in the power, I would say that hyperscalers, large companies have seen our access to power and they’re interested in getting some piece of it. It hasn’t — the inquiry is not necessarily been specific as We want your next 600 or we want the 400 here or anything like that. It’s more of, hey, we need power pass. We want to have a conversation with you of how that works with your assets.

Operator

John Todaro, Needham.

John Todaro

I have two. So I know it’s early days in the convos, and I hear you on all the demand out there and what everyone is expecting. But I think the market is starting to question some of that demand, especially on days like today. So First question is just as those conversations with hyperscalers have gone, have you noticed any change recently versus maybe a few weeks ago or a month or so ago, just kind of any key leads there? So that’s my first question.

Jason Les

We have not seen any change yet. We’re expanding the scope of the counterparties we are talking to now in conjunction with our financial advisers, Evercore and Northland, in order to make sure we get the fullest view of the market here. But I think there’s been lots of new stories of AI demand and how that’s fluctuated. The news about Microsoft today seems very quickly that a lot of that was disputed and it was a bit of a misleading or misunderstood information to start.
But I would point out to developments like crop 3 is now the number one rated AI. And how did they achieve the results in that AI, they did a significant amount of pre-trading because FAA got 100,000 going on 200,000 video GPUs up fast. So even though there’s efficiency gains being had or being studied, it still means that large-scale access to power and then by extension compute gives hyperscalers, gives AI developers and edge in these products.
So as long as there’s demand for AI, which I only believe is going to continue, I think we’re going to continue to see increased demand for power to build data centers get a competitive edge in that sector.

John Todaro

That’s great. And then my next question, so just try and frame it again for us as I know you guys have made the argument before how the Bitcoin business complement PC because I see you’re basically doubling down in Bitcoin, especially on Bitcoin on the balance sheet. But they want to aggressively go at HPC, and it seems like, at least from the investors we talk to, like the guys who like don’t really like Bitcoin. So do you spin off one of them? Or how do they complement each other, I guess?

Jason Les

Well, I’d say today, Riot basically positioned itself at the center of 2 rapidly growing industries. We have Bitcoin, and we have AI/HPC data center demand, which is a very common theme. Bitcoin’s rapid rise to institutional adoption and the price appreciation is what has positioned Riot as uniquely what are the handful of companies that has direct exposure to Bitcoin. This our Bitcoin balance, in addition to our Bitcoin mining business has provided Riot with the framework to raise capital at attractive levels and invest in projects like Corsicana, like Rockdale. And that has result in the opportunity set today. We think we can create a lot of value from that.
So with the AI/HPC opportunity, this gives us another way seemingly better way to use energy assets and generate substantial economic returns. And I think being flexible and opportunistic is what is going to give our shareholders a diversified path to greater returns. So John, I would say that Bitcoin is the reactor that has grown our business and grown our assets and got us to this point where we could do this. And we believe it’s going to continue generating opportunities for us. And having the ability to develop AI/HPC data centers or do deals in that sector is just another super exciting way in which we can increase value.

John Todaro

Congrats on the quarter, guys.

Jason Les

Thank you.

Operator

Martin Toner, ATB Capital Markets.

Martin Toner

Congrats on the deal and the improved efficiency this quarter.

Jason Les

Thank you, Martin.

Martin Toner

A quick question on the deal and the $100 million run rate and the margins. Just wondering when might you expect this business to produce like industry margins more in line with the industry and more in line with the acquired company?

Jason Les

Thanks, Martin. I’m going to turn that question over to Jason Chung, our EVP and Head of Corporate Development.

Jason Chung

Martin, interesting question. We definitely see — if we think about what the engineering business is today, following the acquisition of E4A Solutions. The services business, by nature, tends to have higher margins. And so we definitely see that higher margin profile demonstrated by their financial performance. They’re at the center of this incredible growth we see in demand for power generation and data center development.
So — we’ve seen, historically, their top line continues to grow while they’ve been able to maintain healthy margins, and we definitely expect to see that continue going forward. And I think that really forms the basis for the sort of high-level view we have around 2025 performance on the engineering side.
The other part of — the other component to that is the Metron business, where — now that we’ve gotten this one particular contract behind us, we expect that business to recover meaningfully. And so if you look at where they were, call it in 2023, top line there, similar margins, but now combining the E4A Business on — with the top line that’s expected to continue to grow strongly this year, and maintain healthy margins that on a sort of combined pro forma basis, we think that engineering business will show significant improvement in margins.
Then if you kind of look out further, we continue to see some really interesting synergy opportunities in combining these two businesses, both on the cost savings side and cross-selling. And even just given the E4A Solutions based in Houston, where — we think some of the capacity issues that have currently constrained the ESS Metron business can potentially be alleviated. So I think there’s some really interesting near to midterm opportunities to increase that margin profile even further now that we’ve got to do businesses together.

Operator

Patrick Moley, Piper Sandler.

Patrick Moley

So I have one on the Rockdale site. If I’m not mistaken, I think that you currently lease that site. You don’t own it outright like you do with Corsicana. So I’m just — can you maybe just talk about the specifics of that lease? And whether the fact that you lease that land makes it any less attractive to hyperscalers when they think about choosing a site for the data center?

Jason Les

Yes, Patrick. So you are correct, where at Corsicana, we own the land. At Rockdale, we are on a land lease. That is on a pretty long term though. The initial term is 10 years and then there are multiple 10-year renewals at our option. I think a total of 40 or 50 years in total on there.
So it’s a pretty long-term ground lease. I think what would impact a deal there is the type of deal that’s getting done. I think it depends on what the level of involvement from the customer would be, I think, ultimately drives whether or not Rockdale and the fact that the land is lease impacts if it’s viable for them.
But at the end of the day, the major theme here is constrained on power. And we believe that as that constraint becomes more and more real, and these hyperscalers and AI companies are competing with each other for capacity. Factors like that may start to mean less if it means getting capacity on sooner.

Patrick Moley

Okay. Got it. And then just a follow-up. It’s obviously going to vary by the needs of the tenant. But some of the similar deals that we’ve seen to get done in this space have been north of 10-year lease terms — or sorry, 10-year terms on the AI/HPC deals. So based on your conversations, can you talk about how long think a contract if you were to sign one could potentially be — has that come in at all as some of these questions have arisen about longer-term demand? Anything on kind of like the length of some of these deal terms would be great.

Jason Les

Yes. I think long-term demand is — I’m sorry, the long term of an agreement is a key point, and that’s both for customers and for us. We’re going to be building infrastructure. We’re going to be spending capital on this. And there are good terms available today. We want a long-term agreement to lock that in and give ourselves the visibility of the financial return for the assets over a long term. So I think both sides are similarly interested in having long-term agreements — 10 years and beyond.

Operator

Bill Papanastasiou, KBW.

Bill Papanastasiou

Congrats on the deal. My first question is with respect to driving higher Bitcoin yield. Curious to hear how the company is thinking about dilution going forward to drive a higher Bitcoin per share? And could we see Riot issuing other forms of structured products down the road?

Jason Les

So minimizing dilution is a key part of being successful at Bitcoin Yield. The core part that drives it for us as a Bitcoin Miner is our mining operations, we’re achieving a very low direct cost of production, that is what is the basis that forms how we organically generate Bitcoin Yield. And of course, we’re always going to be looking to raise capital in the least dilutive lowest cost of capital manner in order to enhance Bitcoin Yield.
And it’s a reason why this metric is powerful, we think it helps whole teams such as ourselves accountable to making dilution as minimal as possible. So that leads to how we think about going into the market with equity. You’ll notice over the past few months or so, we’ve been very light with our ATM program. It also is what drives us to find additional forms of financing. We think with our assets and the things that we’ve — what we built up here at Riot, we are well positioned to find alternative forms of financing. All of this contributes to driving a Bitcoin Yield.
As far as other kind of structured products, I assume you’re alluding to the things like what a strategy has done, that’s not something that we’ve looked too closely at yet. Our main focus has been the AI/HPC opportunity right now. But I think we’ll closely monitor how these products come about and see what investor market demand looks like for them.

Bill Papanastasiou

Appreciate that color. And then secondly, and apologies if I missed this earlier in the call. But can you share some more color on how the design and engineering aspect of the AI/HPC data center could look like? Will you need to hire or partner with more external parties to get it up and running? Curious to hear what the plan is there.

Jason Les

So I think it will ultimately depend, Bill, on the type of deal that comes together. Like we talked about earlier, we want to pursue what maximizes the most value on a risk-adjusted basis, and there’s multiple different avenues in which we can execute there. In some of these avenues, we already have a team in place to do that. We’re building out our power capacity very well exceptionally good at that, and the acquisition of 4A makes us even better at building out what you would say is the power shell of an infrastructure of a data center development.
Now further, Riot and Bitcoin Mining, we’ve developed our infrastructure there with state-of-the-art content techniques and that experience translates into supporting data center development, especially with the type of state-of-the-art coin techniques we’re seeing there. So I think we have a good amount of talent. Nonetheless, we are focused on bringing on additional help to support and execution there, and we’re working on that from both an internal and third-party perspective.

Bill Papanastasiou

Awesome. Thanks for the color. Looking forward to the feasibility study next month.

Jason Les

Thank you, Bill.

Operator

Joe Flynn, Compass Point Research and Trading.

Joe Flynn

I was wondering maybe based on early conversations with your consultants, if there’s any operational metrics you can share such as ultimately what you’d be able to deliver at and your build cost per megawatt and how that could be different between the 600 megawatts at Corsicana and the Rockdale site, given there’s already existing power infrastructure in the ground?

Jason Les

Yes. I think it’s probably too early to comment on what PUEs could look like, especially since the technology is changing, so rapidly is going to depend a lot on what the type of customer would be. I think both Rockdale and Corsicana are in very similar climates, only being 100 miles from each other. So they would be similar on both sides. At both sides though, we have very sufficient access to water, especially at Rockdale. So we have the ability to support a wide variety of cooling technologies there. So Joe, I couldn’t tell you what it would be like just yet. I think the conversations we need to advance further, we’d have to be kind of in the design phase to know what that particular customer is looking to accomplish.

Joe Flynn

And then just going back to just maximizing the value of the sites does that include potential outright sales of capacity? And like on that front, have you been approached or even gotten offers for an outright asset sale?

Jason Les

There’s a whole spectrum of potential deal structure here. It could be on one end, it could be lease land. It could be a powered shell. It could be building something to suit, basically a large complete data center. And then the biggest end of the spectrum would be an outright sale of the asset. So we’re open to all of these as we progress in discussions here. And we’re — we want to drive a strong competitive process here. That’s why we’ve engaged Evercore in Northland to give us the most broad penetration to the market we

Operator

That’s all the time we have for questions. I’d like to turn the call back over to Phil McPherson for closing remarks.

Phil McPherson

I’d like to thank everybody for tuning in today to our earnings conference call. We look forward to updating you on future events for Riot Platforms. As always, you can contact us at [email protected] for any other future questions, and we’ll talk soon. Thank you.

Operator

Thank you for your participation. This does conclude the program, and you may now disconnect. Good day.